3、集合概念推理 :一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比,两者之间存在着互补性关系,也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之,相同。这个比较抽象,我们来看一个例子:
例如:Both the number and the percentage of people in the united States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution。
what can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the civil war?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers。
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined。
(c) many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war。
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation。
文中指出:非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降,所以(B)为正确答案。
三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点:
1。日期和数字。
2。关键词: 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词:may, can , could…;表示过去的:used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的: not only ,not exclusively等。
总之,文中的关键词,观点,逻辑和平时的基本常识是解决这类问题的关键。 www.gaofen123.com
IBT 阅读句意解释题的解决策略
句意解释题也有人称其为“变换措辞题”,也就是用自己的语言来改写文章中的句子或者段落,以不同的方式重新陈述另一句话,保留其内容,而不改变原来句子的意思。在IBT阅读的三篇文章中,每篇文章可能有0-1道这样的题目,每次考试总共有2到3题。
这类型题目的题干表达为:which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information。
解决这类题目的三种方法:
第一种:在保持原句序基本不变的前提下进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;
第二种:在句序不变的前提下再进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;
第三种:对原句进行总结性重复。
下面我们通过一个例子来看这些方法的具体应用:
Small marketers should be less concerned with whether u.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer。
which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information。
A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between u.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences。
I t is not important whether u.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with。
marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves。
monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences。
解题:
首先,我们来分析这个句子,整个主句的主语为Small marketers,谓语为be concerned with,宾语为factors,这个分析完成之后,我们采用同意替换的方法,替换其中的重点词组-谓语be concerned with,其同义词为focus on。这样替换完之后把两个句子的意思进行比较,得出正确答案c。这道题目采用了第一种方法。
总之,这类题目的解决步骤就是分析句子结构,找出关键词语----找出其中的重要词组进行同义替换----结合整个句子的意思进行重新组织句子------采用排除法找出正确答案。
IBT阅读列举题的解题策略
列举题属于老题型,在之前的老托福考试中就存在,而且数量比较多。它主要考察考生能否抓住文章主要信息,排除一些与文章内容无关信息的能力。所以,ETS也这类题型称之为“否定事实信息题”(negative factual information question)。其常用的出题形式为:
which of the following is NoT mentioned in the passages?
The author mentions all of the followings xxx, except xx?
一、列举题两大分类:集中列举和分散列举
1. 集中列举
集中列举的形式有:三个名词或词汇连续出现,各个名词或词汇之间以逗号隔开;三个短语连续出现;三个句子连续出现。对于集中列举题,只需根据题干或选项定位原文,排除在原文的集中列举之处出现的三个选项,剩下的一个选项为正确答案。例如,
They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place。
which of the following is NoT mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery?
(A) To hold food。
(B) To wash clothes。
(c) To cook。
(D) To transport objects。
这里,我们先看题干,问的是古代人是怎么使用罐子的。看完这个题目之后我们回到原文:They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place. 答案B自然就出来了。A,c答案可以直接在原文中找到,D答案是对原文内容的改写。
2. 分散列举
分散列举,顾名思义,就是说各项出现的位置比较的分散,可能出现于同一段落之中,或分布于全文各段。对于分散列举,我们同样需要根据题干或选项定位原文,将各个选项与所对应的原文逐个进行比较,采用排除法,在原文未提到或与原文相矛盾的选项为正确答案。解答这类题目需要注意文章每个段落的首尾句。
二、解答列举题的三大步骤:
1. 看题干找关键词:
如果问题中线索,即,有和原文相同词语,我们称之为关键词,可以根据它定位,然后将四个选项与定位的地方进行比较。如果没有关键词,可以先定位于上一个问题对应的段落之后的段落。一般来说,IBT阅读考试题目的顺寻和原文章的顺序相同。
2. 阅读四个选项:
如果题干中没有线索的,可以阅读四个选项,总结其中的共同点进行定位,或者根据各个选项中的关键词一一进行定位。
3. 排除与原文相符的选项:
将各个选项与原文比较以后,排除其中符合原文意思的选项,剩下的一个选项,或者与原文相矛盾,或者在原文未提到,就是正确答案。
总之,列举题的基本思路是排除,排除与原文相符的选项,与原文相矛盾的选项或原文未提到的选项是正确答案。 www.gaofen123.com
IBT阅读中词汇题的解决策略
词汇题就是从具体的语境中理解词汇。鉴于英语单词的一词多义,所以准确理解某一个单词的意思需要依据语境。这里的语境就是我们所要阅读的文章的上下文。一般来说通过上下文推断或者猜测词意,上下文中可以利用的信息为,例句,对比词,同义词,反义词或者其他段落的解释等。此外,文章中一些特定搭配关系也可以帮助我们找到正确的答案。IBT的词汇题考的都是近义词,题目常见的问法如下:The word (or phrase) X is closest in meaning to ……, the word (or phrase) x could be best replaced by X。做这类题目,判断所考察词汇在原句中与其周围词汇的关系是关键,此外还要注意所考察词汇的词性。下面我们来看看常见的五种可以帮助我们迅速找到词汇题答案的特殊关系。
一、五类常见的词汇关系:
1. 直接反义关系—该词前或后出现的内容提示我们是反义关系。 表示相反概念的词语如下rather than,instead,unlike,contrast,on the contrary。
例如:
The main conflict in the novel is between a mother who places a high value on hard
work and honor and a son who repudiates his mother’s values instead preferring the easier path to fortune and celebrity
The word repudiates in the passage in closest in meaning to __
A) refuses to accept B) lives up to c) tries to understand D) makes the best of
假如repudiates我们不认识,从后面的小词 instead 这个词判定儿子和***价值观念是相反的,由此信息看四个选项,你会发现只有A选项带有否定的意味
2。并列关系:并列关系词如下: and,not only ..but also,as…as,and,both … and,either… or neither… nor
例如:
She embarked on her career by working as a newspaper reporter in wisconsin and soon began writing novels。
The phrase embarked on in this sentence is closest in meaning to
A) took a trip to B) started out on c) improved upon D) had a opinion about
回到原文看embarked on周围的词语和它在这个句子中的作用。在这句中关健词 and 其后出现soon began告诉我们前后方向是一致的,前面也必然和began有关,所以本题目的正解是B。
3。解释关系:后面的句子或短词,单词来解释前面的词。常见的标志词:contribute to,be responsible for,account for,since ,therefore ,for,because,in which等
例如:
His big break came with the novel So big(1924) ,which was awarded the Pulitzer in literature。
The word break in this sentence could best be replaced by ___
A) Rupture B) revelation c) opportunity D) rest
which was awarded the Pulitzer in Literature告诉我们一定考查的是正态度,所以答案不可能是A) D),所以应该选 c) opportunity 是一种有利的状态或合适的时机。
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