一、知识点
1. Which scientist discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that heips them float?哪位科学家发现了水里的东西被帮助以浮动的力举起？
in water定语，修饰objects, a force之后又跟了个that引导的定语从句。
lift up 拿起，举起，升起
He lift up his little son, and mounted him on the horse. 他把小儿子举起来，让他骑在马背上。
To call back the boy from a distance, the father had to lift up his voice.为了把儿子从远处叫回来，父亲不得不提高嗓子喊。
2. Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed from parents to their children? 谁用豌豆显示了身体特征是如何从父母传延到孩子的？
A characteristic of the camel is its ability to live for a long time without water.骆驼的特点是不喝水也能活很长时间。
with his characteristic enthusiasm 以他特有的热忱
The letter passed from one to another until everyone had read it. 那封信逐一传阅，直到每个人都看过为止。
According to her will, when the old lady dies, her money will pass to her grandson. 根据老太太的遗瞩,她去世时,她的钱将遗留给她的孙子。
3. Who put forward a theory about black holes? 谁提出了关于黑洞的理论？
put forward提出建议，拨快(钟等) ...
They put forward some new ideas on the subject.他们对这个问题提出了一些新的见解。
put的常用词组有：
put aside节省（钱、时间）；储蓄；把……放在一边 put away储存（钱）；放好
put back拨慢；搁置 put down放下；记下；击败；使（飞机）着陆； put off延期；推迟 put on上演；穿上；戴上 put out熄灭；关掉；扑灭 put through接通电话；完成
put up with忍受；忍耐 put into action/effect/practice实施；实行
4. What do you know about infectious diseases such as cholera?
关于传染病你了解什么，比如霍乱？
Colds are infectious, and so are some eye diseases. 感冒是传染的,有些眼病也是传染的。
It's more useful to learn modern languages, such as English and German. 学习英语和德语等现代语言有用。
5. …so famous, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria to ease the birth of her babies…….他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女皇的私人医生…
Which doctor is attending you? 哪一个医生为你看病?
attend a meeting [lecture]出席会议[听演讲, 听课]
attend a wedding [a funeral]参加婚礼[葬礼]
attend school [church]上学[教堂]
ease用作动词，意思是“减轻；消除；舒缓；放松”，表示消除某人的痛苦时用结构“ease sb. of sth.”；也可以用作名词，意为“舒适；自在；不拘束；容易”。
These pills will ease the headache. 这些药丸会减轻头疼。
Walking helped to ease him of his pain. 他散了散步减轻了一些痛苦。
Her words gave ease to my distracted mind. 我心神不宁，她的话使我宽心。
ease作名词时的常见搭配：at ease放松；自如；不拘束 be/feel at ease感到舒适 ill at ease不自在；感到拘束 put/set sb. at one’s ease使某人感到舒适、不拘束 with ease容易地；无困难地
The doctor gave him some painkillers to ease the pain. 医生给了他一些止疼片以减缓疼痛。
I don't feel at ease in the strange place.
在这个陌生的地方，我觉得很不自在。
6. …people exposed to cholera. 得了霍乱的老百姓
是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰people。相当于定语从句which were exposed to cholera。
expose的意思是“暴露；揭露；使曝光”，常与介词to连用，表示“使暴露于（日光、风雨等）；受到风险；使面临”的意思。
The soil was washed away by the flood, exposing bare rock. 泥土被洪水冲走，露出光秃秃的石头。
The baby was left exposed to the wind and rain.婴儿被弃于风雨之中。
The soldiers in the open field are exposed to the enemy’s fire. 空地里的士兵暴露于敌人的火力之下。
7. the most deadly disease in its day.在当时是最致命的疾病
deadly adj.致命的, 势不两立的, 死一般的, 极度的, 必定的
adv.如死一般地, 极度地；非常地
Fog is the sailor's deadly enemy. 雾是航海者最致命的敌人。deadly serious.极其严重
8. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. 每当（疾病）突发时，总有成千的人死去。
本句是一个复合句，every time引导的是一个时间状语从句，意思是“每当……”，相当于“when”。 另外，此状语从句中还有一个“there be”结构。
类似用法的副词和短语有“directly（一……就）, immediately（一……就）, instantly（一……就）, the minute（一……就）, the moment（一……就）, the second（一……就）, each (every) time（每当）, next time（下次……时）, the last time（上次……时）等。
She went to see him directly she got the letter. 她一收到信就去他了。
Immediately the meal was over, he switched on the radio.饭一吃完他就把收音机打开。
She came to the scene the moment she heard of the accident.她一听说发生了事故，就立刻到现场来了。
The last time we talked he said he needed another two days.上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。
9. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.
第二种看法是在吃饭的时候人们把这种病毒引入体内的。
I suggest that you did not catch the 8 o'clock train, but that you caught the 8.25 train. 你没有搭8点钟的火车,而是搭的8点25分的车。
He suggested going out for a walk.= He suggested that we (should)go out for a walk. 他建议出去走走。
absorb的意思是“吸收；吸引；使专心；合并；吞并”，常用be absorbed in sth.表示“专心于某事”。
Clever children absorb knowledge easily. 聪明孩子容易吸收知识。
Aspirin is quickly absorbed by /into the body. 阿司匹林很快被身体吸收了。
He is absorbed in his business. 他专心致志的处理业务。
be absorbed by被……吞并；为……所吸收 absorb … into吞并；吸……到……
absorb one’s attention吸引某人注意 absorb one’s time占用某人的时间
10. the affected person 患者
be affected by heat [cold] 中暑[着凉]
He was deeply affected by my words. 他听了我的话很受感动。
11. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, John Snow was ready to test these two theories.因此，在1854年伦敦再次爆发霍乱的时候，约翰斯诺着手准备对此进行调研。
be ready to do sth 乐于做，准备做
We were all hit by the depression. 我们都受到了不景气的影响。
Price increases hit everyone's pocket. 物价上涨冲击了每个人的钱袋。
Strike waves hit several Western European countries. 罢工的浪潮袭击了好几个西欧国家。
12. …the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people had died in 10 days.霍乱流行得很严重，在10天之内就死去了500多人。
severe 用作形容词，当它的意思为“严重的；严肃的”时，和serious相近；当它的意思为“严厉的；严格的”时，与strict 相近，常用结构be severe on(upon)/with sb.表示“对某人严厉或严格”；此外它还有“剧烈的；尖锐的；朴素的”的意思。
The drought is becoming increasingly severe. 旱灾日趋严重。
He is severe with his children. 和对子女很严格。
You are too severe on (upon) the boy. 你对那个男孩太严厉了。
I felt a severe pain in the chest. 我感到胸口剧烈疼痛。
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