09年职称英语考试卫生类C级完形填空必背文章(1)

　　His findings are based on the number of people working in the hospitality industry in Britain, their exposure to secondhand smoke and their suffering of dying form it.

　　Jamrozik said the findings would apply to most countries in Europe because, to a greater or lesser extent, levels of smoking in themunity are similar.

　　Professor carol Black, president of the Royal college of Physicians. which sponsored the meeting, said the research is proof of the need for a ban on smoking in public places.

　　"Environmental tobacco smoke in pubs, bars, restaurants and other public places is seriously damaging to the health of employees as wells as the general public," she said in a statement.

　　"making these places smoke-free not only protects vulnerable staff and the public, it will also help over 300,000 people in Britain to stop smokingpletely." she added.

　　Ireland recently became the first country to introduce a national ban on smoking in public places. New York and parts of Australia have taken similar measures.

　　被动吸烟是工作场所的杀手

　　当新的研究表明在服务行业二手烟每星期导致一个工人死亡后，英国在星期一就受到新被动吸烟采取行动的强大压力。

　　伦敦皇家学院的康拉德·吉姆罗兹克教授在环境烟草大会上说，在酒馆、酒吧、饭店和旅馆，二手烟每年杀死49个工作人员，使全国的工作人员中的700人因为肺癌、心脏病以及中风而死亡。

　　吉姆罗兹克在一次访谈中说：“对员工来说在服务行业工作比和吸烟者一起生活产生的后果更严重。”

　　其他的研究者衡量受到被动吸烟威胁的程度，而吉姆罗兹克计算这将如何转化成可以避免的死亡。

　　他的发现基于英国服务行业的工作人数，他们受到了二手烟的危害并且有可能因此而死亡。

　　吉姆罗兹克说这些发现应该用于欧洲大部分国家，因为在这些社会中吸烟的程度或多或少有相似性。

　　主办这个会议的皇家医学院院长卡罗·布莱克教授说，这个研究证明需要禁止在公共场所吸烟。

　　她在一次讲话中说：“酒馆、酒吧、饭店和其他公共场所的环境烟草正在严重地损害着工作人员和大众的身体健康。”

　　她又补充说：“使这些场所禁烟不仅能够保护易受伤害的工作人员和公众，还可以帮助英国30万人完全戒烟。”

　　爱尔兰最近成为第一个实行全国公共场所禁烟的国家。纽约和澳大利亚的某些地区也实施了相似的政策。

　　Healthy Food

　　Street sellers, particularly in developing countries, supply large amounts of food for people on low ies. This sector also employs some 6% ~ 25% of the work force, mainly women, in developing countries, and provides markets for agricultural and other produce. In many countries, however, the authorities are not willing to recognize it as a formal sector of the food supply system, they may ignore it In food control programs of even try to put and end to it.

　　There are two possible contaminants: pathogenic micro-organisms and hazardous chemicals. As far as micro-organisms are concerned, there is apparently no convincing evidence that street foods are more involved in the transmission of infection than foods obtained in, e.g., hotels. Studies in Egypt and else-where have found street foods topare not unfavorably with hotel foods in respect of contamination with micro-organisms-some street foods were found to be contaminated with pathogens, but so were foods from four-and five-star hotels in the same area.

　　Hazardous chemicals have been found in street foods, and food exposed for sale on roadsides may be contaminated by lead from vehicle exhausts.

　　Health dangers may arise from: purchase of raw around of poor quality; improper storage, processing, and cooking, leading to reuse of water; limited piped drinking-water; lack of refrigeration; unsatisfactory waste-disposal facilities; and personal cleanliness.

　　The authorities should take into account the potentials of different categories of food for transmitting disease, and should control appropriately for the different categories — sellers of bottled drinks require less control than those of food. Dry foodstuff, dried grains, and sugared foods are less likely to transmit disease than gravies, cooked rice, and low-acid milk, egg, and meat products. Similarly foods which are thoroughly cooked and eaten at once are safer than precooked food kept at high temperatures for several hours.

　　健康食品

　　街头小贩，特别是在发展中国家，为低收入的人们提供了大量的食品。在发展中国家，这个部门雇佣了6% ~ 25%的劳动力，特别是妇女，而且为农业生产和其他生产提供市场。但是在许多国家，官方不愿承认这是食品供应系统的一个正式部门。他们在食品控制纲要中可能对它忽略不计，甚至企图终止这个部门。

　　有两种可能的污染源：致病的微生物，有毒的化学制品。就微生物而言，没有明显的有力证据证明街头食品比旅馆的食品更能传播传染病。埃及和其他地方的研究已经发现在微生物污染方面街头食品并不比旅馆食品差——人们发现一些街头食品被病原体所污染，但在相同地区的一些四、五星级的旅馆中的食品同样也受到病原体的污染。

　　街头食品已经被发现含有有毒化学物，而且在路边摆着卖的食品可能被汽车废气中的铅所污染。

　　对健康的威胁主要源于：购买质量不好的原材料，不适当的储藏、加工以及烹饪，重复用水，有限的管道饮用水，缺乏冷藏;以及不能令人满意的废物清除设备;没有经验或不讲个人卫生。

　　当局应该考虑到各种食品传播疾病的可能，而且应当对不同种类加以适当地控制——对于卖瓶装饮料的要求要比卖食品的要求少。粮食、干蔬菜和糖类食品要比肉汁、米饭以及低酸牛奶，鸡蛋以及肉制品传播疾病的可能性要小。同样的立即吃掉的煮熟的食品要比在高温里放了几个小时还没煮的食品安全得多。 www.gaofen123.com

　　Breastfeeding can cut cardiovascular Risk

　　Breastfeeding can reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke later in life and could prevent hundreds of thousands of deaths each year, researchers said on Friday.

　　Babies who are breastfed have fewer childhood infections and allergies and are less prone to obesity. British scientists have now shown that breastfeeding and slow grown in the first weeks and months of life has a protective effect against cardiovascular disease.

　　"Diets that promote more rapid growth put babies at risk many years later in terms of raising their blood pressure, raising their cholesterol and increasing their tendency to diabetes and obesity — the four main risk factors for stroke and heart attack," said Professor Alan Lucas of the Institute of child Health in London.

　　"our evidence suggests that the reason why breast-fed babies do better is because they grow more slowly in the early weeks."

　　Lucas said the effects of breastfeeding on blood pressure and cholesterol later in life are greater than anything adults can do to control the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, other than taking drugs.

　　An estimated 17 million people die of various disease, particularly heart attack and strokes, each year, according to the world Health organisation.

　　Lucas and his colleaguespared the health of 216 teenagers who as babies had either been breastfed or given different nutritional baby formulas. They reported their findings in The Lancet medical journal.

　　The teenagers who had been breastfed had a 14-percent lower ratio of bad to good cholesterol and lower concentrations of a protein that is a marker for cardiovascular disease risk.

　　The researchers also found that regardless of the child's weight at birth, the faster the infants grew in the early weeks and months of life, the greater was their later risk of heart disease and stroke. The effect was the same for both boys and girls.

　　"The more human milk you have in the newborn period, the lower your cholesterol level is, the lower your blood pressure is 16 years later," Lucas said.

　　母乳喂养能够减少心血管疾病的危险

　　专家在周五说母乳喂养能够减少今后生活中出现心脏病和中风的可能，并且每年可以避免成千上万的死亡。

　　用母乳喂养的婴儿在童年比别的儿童更少感染疾病或过敏，并且更少肥胖。英国科学家目前指出，母乳喂养和在出生后的前几个星期和月份内生长缓慢可以起到避免心血管疾病的保护作用。

　　伦敦儿童卫生学院的阿兰·卢卡斯教授说：“促进快速生长的饮食会使婴儿在多年之后容易得血压高、胆固醇高、糖尿病及肥胖症——这是导致中风和心脏病的四个危险因素。”

　　“我们的证据显示母乳喂养的孩子之所以更健康，是因为它们在生命的最初几个星期里生长得更慢。”

　　卢卡斯说母乳喂养对今后生活中血压和胆固醇的作用比除吃药之外成年人为控制导致心血管病的因素而使用的任何方法都有效。

　　根据世界卫生组织报告，每年大约有1700万人死于心血管病，特别是心脏病和中风。

　　卢卡斯和他的同事比较了216个十几岁的青少年的健康状况，他们幼年时有的是母乳喂养的，有的食用的是营养配方奶粉。他们在兰斯特医学杂志上发表了他们的发现。

　　在坏胆固醇和好胆固醇的比例方面，吃母乳的青少年的比例低14%，并且他们的蛋白质积聚也比较低，而蛋白质积聚是导致心血管病的因素之一。

　　研究者还发现，不论孩子出生时的体重是多少，孩子在最初几个星期或几个月里长得越快，他们在今后的生活中的心脏病和中风的危险就越大。这种作用对男孩女孩都一样。

　　卢卡斯说：“在新生期间喝越多的人奶，16年后胆固醇水平和血压就越低。”

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