GCT英语模拟试题-10PartB(1)

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questions 11-15 are based on the following passage:

in the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. one kind of learning is called " classical conditioning. " this occurs when one event or stimulus is continuously followed by a reward or punishment. it is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother’ s face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food andfort. negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.
the second kind of learning is called " operant (动作的) conditioning. " this occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. for example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.

11. the main purpose of this passage is to_____b_.
(a) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotions
(b) give themon reader a general description of two basic kinds of learning
(c) give parents some advice on how to modify their children ’ s emotions through learning
(d) discuss with psychologists how positive and negative feelings are produced

12. if a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry (有皮毛的) animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. this is a typical example of learning through___a___.
(a) classical conditioning
(b) operant conditioning
(c) both a and b
(d) neither a nor b

13. if your jokes often find a ready echo in a person, you will learn through__b____that
telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.
(a) classical conditioning
(b) operant conditioning
(c) neither a nor b
(d) some other sorts of conditioning

14. the word "cuddle" in para. 2 most probably means___b___.
(a) persuade (b) hold close and lovely (c) threaten (d) shout at

15. how can a mother help the baby to cry less? _____c____
(a) cuddle the baby until he is quiet.
(b) leave the baby alone.
(c) do not always attend to the baby.
(d) teach the baby not to cry.


questions 16-20 are based on the following passage:

regular child care provided outside home or by someone other than the mother does not in itself undermine healthy emotional connections between mothers and their 15-month-old infants, according to a long-term national study. the finding holds even if care begins during the first 3 months after birth and runs for 30 hours or more per week.
among infants who receive unkind and unresponsive care from their mothers, however, the mother-child relationship may be damaged. " this research helps us put apartplexities regarding child care that have not previously been studied in detail," contends jay belsky, a psychologist.
the investigation consists of 1,153 children and their families living in or near boston. the youngsters, no more than 1 month old when they entered the study in 1991, will be tracked until the age of 7. experimenters administered questionnaires to mothers in their homes and videotaped baby caretakers interacting with the kids at ages 1,6, and 15 months. independent observers rated the quality of each child care efforts and noted infant nervousness. unlike most previous studies, this one allows researchers to observe each caretaker’ s personality at child nursing, and kids’ emotional reaction by the equipment.

16. from the first paragraph we know that____c_.
(a) mother care is the best according to a national study
(b) child care outside home is the best in accordance with the study
(c) regular child care outside home may play a role as a mother
(d) connections between mothers and infants are damaged by outside care

17. according to the passage, unresponsive care from a mother may__b__.
(a) ruin a kid’ s growth
(b) harm the mother-child tie
(c) injure a baby’ s emotional reaction
(d) spoil a child’ s personality

18. jay belsky implies that the study of child care___b__.
(a) was never carried out in the past
(b) was not much done in detail in the past
(c) was greatly ignored by psychologists and researchers
(d) was interesting, but very difficult to make discovery

19. the main difference between the investigation and the previous ones is that__d___.
(a) the researchers started with only one month old infants
(b) the observers could rate the quality of child care efforts and analyzed them soon
(c) the researchers were able to give the questionnaires to mothers in their homes
(d) video equipment enabled researchers to observe what was happening directly

20. which of the following is not true of the investigation? _____d__
(a) it will last at least 7 years.
(b) cooperation from the mothers is also necessary.
(c) some independent observers play a part.
(d) researchers paid site visits to see a caretaker’ s personality and kids’ emotional reaction.